This research paper critically examines the evolving legal landscape surrounding freedom of speech and expression in India in the digital age. With increasing reliance on the internet and AI-based platforms like YouTube and Twitter, legal tensions have emerged between state interests in national security and public order, and citizens’ rights under Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution. Beginning with sedition laws and internet shutdowns, and moving through judicial interventions in cases such as Kedarnath Singh v. State of Bihar, Anuradha Bhasin v. Union of India, and Shreya Singhal v. Union of India, the paper investigates how jurisprudence has adapted to technology-driven censorship, misinformation, and predictive policing. It further explores the implications of AI-driven content moderation, IT Rules 2021, and global comparative standards. Ultimately, this research highlights the need for a balanced legal framework that upholds fundamental rights while maintaining societal order.
