Abstract

This paper explores the role of international human rights law in protecting marginalized communities in India, focusing on the country’s obligations under international treaties and the challenges it faces in effectively implementing human rights protections. India, as a signatory to numerous international human rights instruments, is bound to uphold the rights of its vulnerable populations, including Dalits, women, indigenous communities, and religious minorities. However, the paper highlights significant gaps in the enforcement of these rights, such as institutional inefficiencies, inadequate resources, political resistance, and persistent social discrimination. The paper examines the constitutional provisions, key domestic laws, and the role of national human rights institutions in safeguarding the rights of marginalized groups. Despite the existence of legal frameworks, implementation remains inconsistent, especially in rural and remote areas where caste-based violence, gender discrimination, and other forms of exclusion are prevalent. The paper also proposes several measures to strengthen the enforcement of human rights, including enhancing institutional capacity, improving legal aid and awareness programs, addressing social resistance, and ensuring greater political accountability. By examining these factors, the paper argues that while India has made progress in human rights protection, a more comprehensive and inclusive approach is needed to ensure that marginalized communities are fully protected under international human rights law.

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