Abstract

The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) has long served as the backbone of investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS), offering a neutral platform to resolve disputes between foreign investors and sovereign states. Established to encourage foreign direct investment by depoliticizing conflict resolution, ICSID has since grown into a pivotal institution in the international investment regime. However, it now faces a legitimacy crisis characterized by criticism of pro-investor bias, lack of transparency, inconsistent rulings, elite arbitrator networks, and undermining of democratic governance. This paper provides a critical examination of ICSID’s legal structure and procedural operation, analyzes the systemic sources of its legitimacy crisis, and surveys reform proposals and alternative models of investment dispute resolution. The analysis draws on recent ICSID caselaw, institutional reforms such as the 2022 Rule amendments, and global efforts toward establishing a Multilateral Investment Court. It concludes that while incremental reforms have improved procedural fairness, deeper structural transformations are needed to balance investor protection with public interest governance. Unless ICSID and ISDS are reimagined in a more equitable and accountable form, the risk of institutional erosion and political backlash will persist.

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