International Humanitarian Law (IHL) faces unprecedented challenges in modern armed conflicts which test its efficacy in protecting civilians and promoting humanitarian principles. This research examines the complexities of IHL in contemporary warfare and explores the intricate relationships between traditional frameworks and emerging realities. It critically analyzes the intersections of IHL with international human rights law and the impact of the rise of non-state actors. Through a comprehensive examination of treaties, and state practice, this study identifies opportunities for strengthening IHL and enhancing accountability for violations. It proposes innovative solutions to address these challenges, ensuring the protection of civilians and the promotion of humanitarian principles in modern armed conflicts.
