Agroecosystems Beyond Earth: Ecological and Legal Dimensions of Space Agriculture – Implications for Smaller Countries including Central Asia

Space agriculture, the cultivation of crops in extraterrestrial environments, is emerging as a crucial solution for global food security and sustainable space habitation. This study analyzes space agroecosystems from ecological and legal perspectives, with special focus on implications for smaller nations, including Central Asia. Using document analysis and comparative legal methods, the research finds that while space agriculture offers benefits such as year-round cultivation and resilience to climate challenges, high costs and technological barriers remain significant challenges. The current legal framework, including the Outer Space Treaty and Moon Agreement, lacks specific guidelines for agricultural activities and needs expansion to ensure equitable and sustainable development. This study contributes to shaping international space policy and proposes mechanisms for smaller nations to effectively participate in this emerging field.