Abstract

India, a federal country with a variety of habitats, encounters substantial environmental difficulties. This research examines the relationship between federalism and environmental governance in India. It also aims to evaluate the efficacy of the existing federal framework in attaining environmental sustainability. It examines the potential of multi-level governance to enhance environmental protection initiatives. This research utilises a doctrinal legal research technique. The paper analyses the allocation of legislative and executive authority in environmental affairs between the federal government and individual states. It examines how the distribution of power might result in gaps in implementation and inconsistencies across various locations. It further examines the function of institutions like the National Green Tribunal in addressing the divide between central and state-level environmental regulation. The analysis indicates that although the Indian federal structure promotes diversity, it can impede coordinated and efficient environmental action. The paper highlights difficulties such as the presence of multiple authorities with overlapping jurisdiction, insufficient allocation of resources at the state level, and a lack of collaboration between different levels of government. Nevertheless, the study also emphasises the possibility of multi-level governance, wherein federal, state, and local governments cooperate to formulate and execute environmental policies that are customised to meet the specific requirements of different regions. The findings of this study suggest that the establishment of a comprehensive federal framework, which prioritises multi-level governance, is essential for attaining environmental sustainability in India. Identifying significant areas for change includes strengthening intergovernmental collaboration, boosting the ability of local bodies, and fostering public participation.

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