The customs authorities play an important role in regulating the international trade and increasingly they are being positioned as instruments of environmental protection across the globe. The various Multilateral Environmental agreements, supported by conventions and protocols provide guidelines for the signatory nations to integrate environmental safeguards into their trade regimes. India being a party to several MEAs, has demonstrated its commitment by including these obligations within its domestic legal framework. Despite these legal and policy measures, enforcement remains fragmented and inconsistent. The persistence of wildlife trafficking, the rise in e-waste imports, and weak monitoring mechanisms at customs checkpoints highlight the gap between law and practice. Limited technological capacity and inadequate inter-agency coordination further reduce the effectiveness of existing safeguards. These gaps not only affect India’s compliance with its international commitments but also expose the country to ecological degradation and biosecurity risks. Strengthening institutional frameworks, investing in digital tracking systems, and aligning domestic trade regulations more closely with environmental priorities are necessary steps forward. The study thus demonstrates that without proper implementation, customs-based environmental restrictions cannot achieve their intended impact, making enforcement reform an urgent necessity.
