Artificial Intelligence (AI) and International Humanitarian Law (IHL)

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into modern warfare presents significant challenges for International Humanitarian Law (IHL). AI technologies, including autonomous weapons systems, surveillance tools, and decision-support algorithms, are increasingly used in military operations to enhance speed, accuracy, and strategic advantage. However, their deployment raises critical concerns regarding compliance with fundamental IHL principles such as distinction, proportionality, and precaution. A key issue is whether AI systems can accurately distinguish between combatants and civilians in complex and rapidly changing conflict environments. Errors, data bias, or system unpredictability may result in unlawful harm to civilians. Additionally, proportionality assessments require human judgment and contextual understanding, which AI may not fully replicate. The “black box” nature of many AI systems further complicates accountability and transparency in decision-making. The development of autonomous weapons systems has intensified international debate, particularly within the United Nations. Although existing legal frameworks, including the Geneva Conventions, apply to all methods of warfare, their adequacy in addressing AI-specific risks remains uncertain. This paper argues that maintaining meaningful human control, ensuring accountability, and strengthening legal review mechanisms are essential to align AI use with IHL and safeguard humanitarian principles.