Judicial and Policy Perspectives on Sub-Caste Categorization of Scheduled Castes: Challenges and Pathways for Social Justice in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states

The categorization of sub-castes under the Scheduled Castes (SC) category in India has been a complex issue, balancing the need for equity among marginalized communities with constitutional mandates. The Indian Constitution, through various articles, offers provisions for the upliftment of SCs, ensuring access to education, employment, and protection against discrimination. However, the diversity within the SC category has led to disparities in the distribution of benefits among sub-castes, raising demands for further sub-categorization. This article examines the Supreme Court of India's pivotal judgments on the matter, including the E.V. Chinnaiah case, which emphasized uniform treatment within the SC category. The article further explores the challenges faced by Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, where socio-economic variations among sub-castes have prompted debates on equitable distribution of reservations. It also discusses the constitutional provisions relevant to SC welfare and the barriers they present to state-level sub-caste categorization efforts. Through a review of legal perspectives and policy debates, this article proposes solutions for achieving social justice for all SC communities while adhering to constitutional principles. The analysis emphasizes the importance of data-driven policies and collaborative efforts between state and central governments in addressing intra-SC disparities, offering a path forward for balanced development and inclusivity.