Patent licensing is a key instrument in the global innovation ecosystem, facilitating the transfer and commercialization of technology. As intellectual property becomes central to economic competitiveness, the legal frameworks governing licensing shape access to innovation, particularly in vital sectors like health, communications, agriculture, and renewable energy. This article offers a comparative analysis of patent licensing regimes in the United States, European Union, India, China, Brazil, and Japan, covering both voluntary and compulsory licenses, their legal underpinnings, and interplay with competition law. It also examines the TRIPS Agreement and its flexibilities, such as those under Article 31 and the Doha Declaration. Emerging challenges—including standard-essential patents (SEPs), FRAND obligations, climate change technology, and equitable access to medicines—are assessed. The article concludes by calling for more balanced and globally coherent licensing policies that support innovation while addressing public interest needs.
