Evolution of E-Waste and its Profound Impact on Climate Change

The proliferation of electronic devices has transformed modern life but generated an escalating problem of electronic waste (e-waste). This literature-based review traces the historical evolution of e-waste generation, examines current global and Indian trends, analyzes extended producer responsibility (EPR) and related policies, and explores the nexus between e-waste and climate change. Key findings show that global e-waste volumes are rising sharply (a record 62 million tonnes in 2022, up 82% since 2010), yet less than a quarter is formally recycled. India is now among the world’s largest e-waste generators (roughly 1.75 Mt in 2023–24), even as an estimated 90% of its e-waste is handled by an informal recycling sector. Recent policy developments have aimed to address these challenges: for example, India’s E-Waste (Management) Rules 2022 (effective April 2023) greatly expand product coverage and mandate EPR, including mandatory registration of manufacturers on a central portal. The climate implications of e-waste are significant but often indirect. Electronics manufacture is highly carbon-intensive (e.g. ~10 t CO₂ per tonne of laptops produced) and extending product lifetimes or recycling materials can reduce this footprint. Unmanaged disposal (open burning and acid extraction) releases pollutants and greenhouse gases. This review underscores that sustainable e-waste management – through strengthened EPR, technological innovation, formalization of recycling, and circular economy principles – is critical for reducing toxic pollution and mitigating the carbon footprint of the digital economy.