Abstract

Cyber security challenges demands States to be well-equipped with proactive responses to shield information and communication technology against cyber crimes. Newness in computer related criminal offences has empowered hackers to vandalize the digital communication systems causing privacy concerns for business organizations and security concerns for sovereign States. Hackers are perceived as obsessive people who voluntarily disrupt the integrity of computer systems jeopardizing sensitive information stored therein. Emerging cyber security breaches demands complacent legal regimes to implement cyber specific legislations for identifying computer vulnerabilities and to safeguard individuals, business organizations and government from criminal misconducts in cyber space. Increasing reliance on digital technology has led to tightening the legislative noose on unauthorized access to programs or data held in internet devices. The concept of ‘authorization’ or ‘unauthorized access’ to data needs refinement since lack of ‘due care and appropriate measures’ would most likely fail to establish the culpability of the accused hackers.

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