Corporate Social Responsibility in India: A Legal Mandate Rooted in Ethical Tradition

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has emerged as a critical component of modern business practices, particularly in developing economies like India. This paper examines the evolution, implementation, and impact of CSR in India through a comprehensive legal and ethical analysis. The study traces the journey from voluntary CSR initiatives before 2013 to the mandatory framework established under the Companies Act, 2013. Through an examination of legal frameworks, case studies, and practical applications, this research analyzes the effectiveness of India's unique approach to mandating CSR spending. The paper explores the intersection of CSR with human rights, environmental concerns, and sustainable development goals, while addressing the challenges and opportunities in the current regulatory landscape. The findings suggest that while mandatory CSR has increased corporate spending on social initiatives, significant challenges remain in terms of implementation, monitoring, and achieving desired social outcomes.