Abstract

This article explores the enduring human rights crisis in Pakistan’s Balochistan province, where a combination of enforced disappearances, extrajudicial killings, and economic marginalization has triggered a prolonged and intensifying insurgency. Beginning with the controversial 1948 annexation of Kalat, the analysis traces the historical roots of Baloch grievances and examines the structural inequalities that underpin the province’s conflict with the central government. Special focus is given to the militarization of the region, the rise of “kill and dump” tactics, and the repression of digital activism through legislation like PECA 2025. The paper also investigates gender-based exclusion and sectarian violence, especially against the Hazara community, to illustrate the multidimensional nature of state violence. Drawing on both statistical data and firsthand accounts, this study contends that genuine reconciliation will require more than just security operations—it demands accountability, cultural recognition, and structural reform grounded in justice and democratic inclusion.

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