Abstract

The concept of women's rights as human rights underscores the importance of addressing gender-based discrimination and violence within the framework of human rights. Gender, a socially constructed concept, has led to hierarchical societal structures that differentiate between men and women, affecting various aspects of their lives. In India, despite constitutional guarantees of equality and fundamental rights, women face numerous challenges such as violence, limited political participation, and societal hierarchies. Legislative measures like the Protection of Human Rights Act and various amendments aim to protect women's rights, but challenges persist. Issues like violence, reproductive health, and political participation remain key areas of concern. Despite legislative provisions, gaps in implementation and patriarchal attitudes hinder progress. The judiciary plays a crucial role in advancing women's rights through landmark judgments like granting equal inheritance rights to daughters and allowing women in the army to serve in permanent commissions. Decisions such as declaring triple talaq unconstitutional and decriminalizing adultery demonstrate the judiciary's commitment to gender equality. Internationally, frameworks like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and conventions like CEDAW emphasize non-discrimination and equality. However, progress remains slow, and challenges persist, requiring continuous advocacy and action. The recognition of reproductive rights, including access to abortion and contraception, is vital for women's autonomy and health. Despite legal frameworks, discriminatory practices and policies persist, highlighting the need for continued advocacy and legal intervention. In conclusion, while progress has been made in recognizing women's rights as human rights, challenges remain in achieving full gender equality. Addressing systemic discrimination and violence requires concerted efforts from governments, civil society, and international organizations to ensure the protection and fulfilment of women's rights globally.

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