Abstract

Globalization has emerged as both an opportunity and a challenge in the 21st century, reshaping economic, political, and cultural landscapes across the globe. On one hand, it accelerates economic growth, fosters technological innovation, and facilitates cultural exchange, thereby creating unprecedented avenues for human progress and international cooperation. On the other hand, globalization also produces displacement, marginalization, and widening inequalities, especially in societies where development is pursued through large-scale infrastructural and industrial projects. This paradox becomes particularly stark when modernization is celebrated as “progress,” yet its implementation results in the erosion of fundamental human rights such as livelihood, housing, cultural identity, and participation in development. The contradiction is most visible in the plight of indigenous and vulnerable communities, who are disproportionately affected by globalization-driven projects. From the displacement caused by the Sardar Sarovar Dam in India, to the exploitation of oil in Nigeria’s Niger Delta, to mining operations in Latin America, development initiatives often uproot populations in the name of national growth and global competitiveness. At the same time, globalization equips these communities with new tools of resistance, as transnational advocacy networks and human rights campaigns bring local struggles into the global arena. By analysing such case studies across continents, this paper seeks to demonstrate that globalization is not a unidimensional force but a contested terrain where development and displacement collide. It ultimately argues that a human right–based approach to development (HRBA), grounded in dignity, equality, and sustainability, is essential for reconciling the tension between economic growth and social justice, ensuring that globalization becomes a pathway to inclusive rather than exclusionary progress.

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