Abstract

The Promotion and Regulation of Online Gaming Act, 2025 represents a decisive policy shift in India’s digital regulatory landscape from fragmented state-level oversight to centralized prohibition of online money games. This article critically examines the Act’s legislative intent, structural design, economic implications, and constitutional vulnerabilities. It traces the evolution of online gaming from a legally ambiguous sector to one governed by comprehensive statutory control, abolishing the long-standing judicial distinction between games of skill and games of chance. While the Act aims to address concerns such as youth addiction, money laundering, and national security risks, it simultaneously dismantles an industry valued at ₹16,428 crore in FY23, jeopardizing over 200,000 jobs and deterring foreign investment. The establishment of a centralized Online Gaming Authority signals a move toward uniform governance; however, the blanket prohibition of monetized gaming raises challenges of enforceability, technological circumvention, and migration to unregulated markets. Comparative analysis with regulatory models in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia reveals India’s position as an outlier embracing absolute prohibition over calibrated regulation. The paper argues that the 2025 Act, though well-intentioned, risks constitutional infirmities under Articles 14 and 19(1)(g) due to its overbroad classification and potential arbitrariness. It concludes that a more sustainable model would involve licensing, differentiated regulation, and transparent oversight mechanisms rather than prohibition. Such an approach would balance innovation, economic opportunity, and social protection ensuring that India’s rapidly evolving digital economy remains both secure and globally competitive.

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