Abstract

This research critically examines the efficacy of international legal frameworks and policy initiatives aimed at enhancing global cooperation and capacity building to combat transnational organized crime (TOC). Despite the establishment of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) and its provisions for extradition, mutual legal assistance, and law enforcement cooperation, gaps persist in the implementation and effectiveness of these measures. Notably, the dual criminality principle and the complexities surrounding extradition raise questions about human rights protections and the consistency of legal standards across jurisdictions. Furthermore, while the Kyoto Declaration emphasizes the necessity of a multilateral approach, it lacks specific mechanisms for addressing the nexus between financing terrorism and TOC, which complicates enforcement efforts. The role of civil society and the need for targeted capacity building in developing nations remain underexplored, particularly in the context of technical cooperation and resource allocation. This paper seeks to identify these gaps and propose actionable recommendations for strengthening international collaboration, enhancing the capabilities of law enforcement agencies, and fostering public-private partnerships. Ultimately, addressing these deficiencies is crucial for a comprehensive and effective global response to the evolving challenges posed by transnational organized crime.

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