Abstract

With the rapid expansion of internet access and digital services across India, cybercrime has emerged as a serious and growing threat. From financial fraud and identity theft to cyber stalking and online harassment, digital offences are affecting not just individuals but businesses and government systems alike. As people increasingly rely on digital platforms for everything from banking to communication, the risks associated with cybercrime have multiplied. India primarily relies on the Information Technology Act, 2000, as its key legal response to cyber offences. This law, alongside relevant provisions of the Indian Penal Code, 1860—such as those dealing with cheating, intimidation, and obscenity—forms the backbone of the country's cybercrime legislation. However, enforcing these laws presents several challenges. A major problem is that law enforcement lacks technical skills. Many officers aren’t adequately trained to deal with complex digital evidence or trace cybercriminals who often operate anonymously across borders. The shortage of advanced tools and standardized protocols across states further hampers investigations. Compounding this, the cross-border nature of many cyber offences makes it difficult to pursue legal action or cooperation internationally. Public response to cybercrime is another concern. Many victims, especially those targeted through personal data breaches or online abuse, hesitate to report incidents due to shame, fear, or distrust in the system. The lack of awareness about legal rights and available remedies also discourages people from coming forward. To fix these issues, India needs a better and more united plan. This includes better training for police and judicial officers, modern investigative infrastructure, and more robust cooperation between national and international agencies. At the same time, efforts to raise public awareness about cyber safety—especially among vulnerable groups like women, children, and the elderly—are critical.

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