Abstract

This article comprehensively examines the constitutional framework governing civil services under the Union and the States in India, as provided under Part XIV of the Indian Constitution (Articles 308–323), and traces its evolution from ancient administrative practices to colonial legislation and post-independence legal reforms. It analyzes key provisions such as Articles 309, 310, and 311, addressing recruitment, tenure, and safeguards for civil servants, and critically evaluates judicial interpretations and statutory developments impacting service conditions. The study delves into the historical underpinnings of administrative control, the establishment of Public Service Commissions, and challenges like political interference, corruption, and lack of transparency. It further conducts a comparative analysis with the civil service frameworks of the United Kingdom and the United States, highlighting differences in recruitment, tenure doctrines, and due process protections. The article proposes targeted reforms aimed at enhancing efficiency, transparency, and autonomy, including digitization, performance audits, grievance redressal, decentralization, and lateral entry. The objective is to strengthen constitutional safeguards, ensure fair service delivery, and adapt civil services to the demands of a modern administrative state while maintaining their impartiality and integrity.

Keywords