Abstract

The present research examines how different nations have approached drug possession and trafficking laws, focusing on legislative structures, methods of enforcement, and socio-legal consequences. By analysing case studies from Portugal, the Netherlands, Singapore, and Mexico, the study provides a thorough understanding of how various legal systems handle drug-related offences and their ramifications for public health, crime rates, and social equity. In the US, the "War on Drugs" has resulted in harsh laws and high incarceration rates, particularly affecting minority populations. Recent policy trends towards decriminalization and legalization of substances like cannabis indicate a shift. Portugal's decriminalization model, implemented in 2001, views drug possession as a public health issue, reducing drug-related deaths and HIV infections. The Netherland’s liberal stance, especially on cannabis, emphasizes harm reduction and regulated control, stabilizing drug use rates. Conversely, Singapore's zero-tolerance policy enforces severe penalties, including the death penalty for trafficking, maintaining low drug use but raising human rights concerns. Mexico's struggle with cartel-related violence and corruption highlights the challenges in enforcement, despite recent measures to decriminalize personal use and focus on public health. This research addresses common issues such as resource limitations, technological advancements, and the moral and legal implications of stringent drug prohibitions. The comparative analysis underscores the need for sensible and practical drug policies that prioritize public health, social justice, and human rights. Policymakers worldwide can learn from these diverse experiences to create more equitable and effective drug policies, enhancing public health outcomes and minimizing drug-related harm.

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