Abstract

The illegal trade of cultural property is a serious global issue, with stolen and illegally traded artifacts generating up to $10 billion annually (UNESCO, 2023). In India alone, over 1,000 cases of antiquities theft were reported between 2012 and 2022, with many of these artifacts being smuggled to international markets (ASI, 2023). Digital platforms like e-commerce websites and social media have made it easier to traffic cultural items across borders, worsening the problem. Although international agreements like the 1970 UNESCO Convention aim to address this issue, they have struggled to keep up with its growing scale and complexity, especially in today’s digital world. Our research looks into the factors responsible for the illegal trade of cultural artifacts and suggests strategies to prevent it. The focus is on the use of modern tools like blockchain to verify the origin of artifacts and artificial intelligence (AI) to identify and track stolen items. We also touch upon the role of online platforms in enabling trafficking, an area that has not received enough attention. The goal is to develop practical solutions that combine technology, international collaboration, and stronger regulations to safeguard cultural heritage. To achieve this, our study uses a mix of methods, including analysing trafficking trends from sources like INTERPOL, UNESCO, and India’s Archaeological Survey (ASI), also by taking insights from online expert interviews with museum professionals and law enforcement; and studying major artifact recovery cases, such as the Operation Pandora. What makes this research unique is its interdisciplinary approach, combining knowledge from fields like art history, technology, and criminology. By integrating tools like blockchain for tracking artifacts, AI for detecting theft, and improved regulation of online marketplaces, our study aims to provide innovative and practical ways to combat the illegal trade of cultural property.

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